I thought some readers might be interested in a little insight into the workings of the ULIS 02-05-01 microbolometer. This is a Circa 2006 A-Si microbolometer used in several thermal cameras of the period.
Microbolometers can be a bit of a mystery device as they historically have been subject to NDA's for datasheets and pin-outs etc. I am not about to publish the ULIS Confidential datasheet so do not get too excited. I will explain a little about its needs however.
The ULIS 02-05-01 is a 160 x 120 35um pixel thermal imaging FPA in an industry standard case format. The sensor module case contains the A-Si microbolometer die and a thermo electric cooler/heater. The interior of the module case is under vacuum and an active Getter is used to absorb contamination when manufactured. The active Getter may be re-activated when considered necessary due to age related vacuum contamination. Details of this operation are provided in the ULIS datasheet.
The sensor die receives the thermal scene energy through a Germanium window that is soldered into the face of the module case. The leads are sealed into the module case using a glass seal technique. Vacuum failure can occur due to failure of the window solder or glass lead seals. The module must not be exposed to twisting or lead bending if such is to be avoided. The loss of vacuum will result in serious degradation of the microbolometer performance. Vacuum contamination can also occur due to out-gassing of components used within the sensor assembly within the module. More specifically the TEC. Such vacuum contamination can reduce the sensor performance over time.
A high level description of the sensor die follows.
The microbolometer pixels are read in rows and columns. The pixels output is passed through a "Skimming" stage to extract the required pixel data and is then presented to a Capacitive Transconductance Integration Amplifier (CTIA). The output of the CTIA is sampled and passed to the multiplexer that feeds the 'Video' output amplifier. The video output may then be passed to an ADC for conversion to a microprocessor friendly format.
The reading of the pixels is a synchronous event carried out by a dedicated sequencer that forms part of the ROIC.
To operate, the ULIS 02-05-01 requires supply rails, bias voltages and clocks. Without these being correct it cannot function, and in some cases, may be damaged.
The supply voltages are nothing special except that they must be accurate and low in noise content. Noise on the supply rails to a microbolometer can severely impact the sensors performance. For this reason, Analogue and Digital supply rails are kept separate.
The bias voltages are very important as they effectively set the working point of the microbolometer. There are five bias voltages used in the Microbolometer, namely, VSKIMMING, VDET, VBUS, VEB and VBUS. All must be set to the correct voltage for satisfactory operation of the microbolometer sensor.
It will be noted from the attached documents that the microbolometer pixels within the sensor come in two distinct types. 'Active' and 'Blind'. The Active pixels are the ones that are presented with the thermal scene through the Germanium window. The Blind pixels are fewer in number as one Blind pixel serves a whole column of Active pixels. In a 160 x 120 sensor there will be only 160 of them. The Blind Pixels cannot see the thermal scene and are truly blind to the outside world. They are used as a differential reference to extract the required thermal scene data from the active pixel whilst ignoring the standing current and some noise elements tat may be present.
VSKIMMING : Bias voltage applied to the Blind Microbolometer
VDET : Bias voltage applied to the Active Microbolometer
VEB : Bias voltage applied to the Blind pixel FET gate
VFID : Bias voltage applied to the Active pixel FET gate
VBUS : Bias voltage applied to the CTIA
The timing signals required to derive the sensors sequencer that reads the pixels are the Line clock, Frame Clock and Pixel Clock. On the ULIS 02-05-01 these three signals are provided by the host camera. In more recent microbolometer sensors, the ROIC is fed with a Master clock signal and the three sequencer clocks are generated inside the ROIC. Later sensors also incorporate serial communications and configuration capabilities within the ROIC.
Full disclosure
My sincerest thanks to a fellow member of this forum who has assisted me in better understanding the internal workings of the ULIS A-Si microbolometer. He did this whilst ensuring he did not disclose corporate confidential information to me. I have searched for this information on the public internet and not breached any NDA's or trusts in compiling this post.
Fraser