Have you tried searching on Github to see if somebody has written a Linux version of Ucenter or similar.. sometimes 3rd party apps, especially on Linux are more useful for understanding how devices communicate than the manufacturers apps.
Also, try running the windows equivalent of strings (whatever that is) on the binary maybe you'll get some clues in the revealed error messages.
Also, why not ask questions more specifically about whatever is going wrong. "cannot get 3D fix" You also should post some of the NEMA messages you are getting (since no 3D fix its not going to give your location away)
Did you try communicating with it with GPSD, for example?
Also, and from experience, this is more often than not the problem, whatever USB-UART device you're using, if its not working, swap it out for another one. Just try that.
Another idea, when you bring it up you may need to tell it roughly where you are and what day month year etc it is. Normally it saves some of that info.. The older the GPS the less sensitive it is, so you also need a GOOD SIGNAL for at least 13 minutes minimum to get the ephemeris. Any interruption at all, it has to keep trying. Sometimes if a GPS has been sitting in a drawer for a while you would swear it was dead and then suddenly, poof, its alive.
Use a decent amplified antenna and put it outside, not just on your windowsill.
Another idea, try putting some ferrite split beads on the USB-UART.. or other devices youre using.. why not.. maybe its causing RFI at 1.575 GHz you have no idea.. GPS signals are pretty weak....