The first thing I noticed is that with the 3/32" chisel tip that I'm using, any temperature higher than 500F is just far too hot to do any ordinary component soldering. It came factory set to 700 or 750 I think, and when I first powered it on and applied solder, the flux burned so fast that it smelled burnt in less than a second, and some of the flux was actually vaporizing (and sputtering) on contact and creating a pillow of steam that kept the solder from even letting the solder touch the tip!
I think first you want to ensure you are using the correct series cartridges. Pace 1130 and 1131 series are the only cartridges supported on the ADS200 it has a blue plastic cap at the end where the socket is. You can also read the part number off the cartridge barrel which should have a 1130 or 1131 prefix.
Does this happen to all your tips? Ensure you aren't using the black and gold ended cartridges. Try measuring the DC resistance of the tips heater using a multimeter on ohms, measure across the two contacts.
I'm able to solder at 500F, but even then, it seems like this is extremely hot as the flux on the tip still starts to burn within about 2-3 seconds, whereas on my old iron, it would take at least 10-15 seconds before it started burning.
The factory presets for the ADS200 are 650/700/750F but that can be too hot for some applications with small tips. The Pace ADS200 can reach 650F set temp on a small tip in about 3-4 seconds so it's normal to be way faster than other stations. Especially if you compare it to those that take 20-30 seconds.
In normal soldering most of the time you would not apply solder to the iron tip until soldering a joint, prior to that it should be clean and shiny. If you are using flux cored solder flux will burn off as soon as the solder melts, this is normal behavior.
Super aggressive solder bubbling and flux spitting hard is either bad solder or the temp is too hot. If you have not changed the solder you should be able to predict how it has behaved in the past. Solder not wetting to the iron is also a sign of too high a temp or a dirty tip. If the solder is new test it at the same temp on another iron to rule out all possibilities.
Is this a case of something miscalibrated, or do I just need to get used to the extreme performance of a direct temp type soldering station like this? My old XYtronic was notoriously bad at keeping the temperature level when there was even a small ground plane.
What firmware does your station display on startup?
There is actually a very comprehensive calibration facility in the station. Normally you would not need to use it at all. There also should be no reason you are calibrating tips. But if you have inadvertently changed the default settings or set a temperature match here is what you need to check to get it back to defaults.
Page 6 in the manual talks about the "Temperature Match Offset" mode of the station at startup. On that same page you will see the factory defaults. In the stations config ensure the "Temperature match mode" is set to "0C0" and the "Temperature Match Value" is set to "0". When you are happy scrolling through all the settings save them by going to "End" and then pressing the up arrow button. In your case I would double check they saved as well.
Then to ensure the station now forgets about any temperature match value. Have the station turned on normally with everything connected and disconnect the handpiece at the socket.
Again as far as I'm aware you shouldn't need to do this EVER unless you have messed up these settings. So only aim to restore it back to defaults and do the disconnection to forget the temperature match.
https://www.paceworldwide.com/sites/default/files/ADS200-Operation-Manual.pdf