None of that make any sense at all. If the crowbar is being a nuisance, disable it by removing CR110.
Sooooooooo hmmm where do I begin...
Going with your "Something doesn't add up" I was trying to revisit all the assumptions to see if I could re-measure or re-try something I hadn't done since yesterday at least. And then I looked at that missing C401 cap right at the output. Initially the supply was shorted so the first thing I tried was to take C401 out to test it, it was fine; then I moved on to the CR401 diode and that one was shorted so ok I moved on to try the supply out again thinking "oh, that cap can probably wait till I put everything back together before going back in"...
Now I feel really silly! I just put C401 back in and ta-da, it's fine and happy all the way from 0V to 25V.
I definitely learned a lot of things along the way here but the repair could have been much faster :p
There are aspects of the system I clearly don't understand yet including why removing C401 makes it behave that way; I might write up a couple of questions tomorrow, it seems you have a good picture of that schematic in your mind now.
Thanks again for the help!