For the climate change CO2 is the main factor. Short term methane is also a factor - way more effect per volume, but it does not last that long. For the greenhouse effect water is also important, but water is essentially in it's natural concentration and is only effected indirectly, mainly via temperature. Other pollutants (e.g. NOx, CO, SO2) are more short term and more local.
SO2 is actually counteracting global warming, but only on a short time scale. So no reason to complain about China and India emitting so much SO2 - it kills there trees and makes them sick. This also a reason why China is doing a lot to make at least their coal cleaner.
When is comes to CO2 emissions China is doing a lot - though still at a rather low level of emission per capita. The emissions are still going up with economic growth, but rather slow and chances are they will go down. China also did a great job in limiting the population growth. I think limiting population growth is also important - not just in the 3rd world but also in the US, south America and the middle east.
It is a problem that the US is currently ignoring global warming, but chances are they will change there mind if the effects gets more obvious and international pressure will rise. However the problem is that adapting late will be really hard - up to the point of a total economic disaster. There is a chance in adapting early as this would help your economy to be ahead. So the restrictions may not be such a bad economic idea, more like an investment in future technology.
No tax on air- and marine- fuel is due to old international treaties. A logical point would be to change this, but this is slow.