Do you know what the common name would be for point-and-shoot-closeup-adapters like you mention? I've tried a bunch of similar search phrases but haven't come up with anything, feel like I need the right term for it.
They are simply called "close-up macro lenses" or something like that. Lots of them on AliEx, eBay, etc and from various importers. The cheap ones are like
this. There are also more advanced lenses, made of multiple glass elements and better corrected. The most popular are Raynox, particularly DCR-150 (208mm) and DCR-250 (125mm), the latter being more suited for high magnification.
I have a DCR-150, DCR-250 and two of the cheap +10 diopter (100mm) ones.
This image was taken on an old point-and-shoot with 7-30mm lens (at 30mm of course) plus DCR-250 and one +10D. Not great, but not too awful. Unfortunately, on 30mm, either of these lenses alone just doesn't give enough magnification for chips. I also tried stacking two cheap +10D together and that was noticeably worse. For best results (and high magnification) you would want a longer base lens and preferably just one high quality closeup lens.
All of that stuff pretty much requires a tripod and, ideally, a remote release cable. So, frankly, if you don't already have (or want to have) photographic gear, getting a microscope may be a better option after all...