Author Topic: Medical Ventilator Design  (Read 5379 times)

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Offline Gandalf_SrTopic starter

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Medical Ventilator Design
« on: March 29, 2020, 11:59:12 pm »
So here we are in the middle of the Coronavirus pandemic and I imagine that I'll be stuck at home through the end of April.  I'm going to try to come up with an affordable (around $1,000) medical ventilator design.  How difficult can it be?  All it is is a processor on a PCB, a display, some driver components a fan driven by a motor, some code, and some sort of remote control/monitoring via wireless.

Rather than start from a blank piece of paper, can anyone share any designs or specific component ideas?   In particular, the motor is an area I'd  look for advice on.

How about the requirement specifications? What does it need to do?

Let's get at it?

Gathered Information
This section will expand as I will update it as I go along.

Is the Need Already Being Met? last update 3/31/20
Probably, the hackaday article (well worth reading) says this...
Quote
The companies that make the necessary machinery are well aware of the problem and are ramping up production as quickly as they can. In addition to increasing production of the right kinds of ventilators, they are looking at CPAP and BiPAPs and non-life-support ventilators and exploring ways to take these medical devices with all of the appropriate safety mechanisms and certifications already in place and production lines already set up, and trying to find ways to adapt them to the specific needs for COVID-19.

But these CPAP/BIPAP machines are expensive ($1,700) and unlikely to be widely available in places like Africa.  The BIPAP machine I use every night is likely already capable of becoming a ventilator with a software update, more complicated tubing to capture the exhaled air, and more sensors.  I believe it already has the air capacity, the level of control to sense and adjust the air pressure instantaneously (that's what it seems like to me when using it).  What may be as useful as the cheap ventilator is perhaps a portable power supply unit as there are many people living with no electricity (or a supply that cuts off regularly).
« Last Edit: March 31, 2020, 12:22:25 pm by Gandalf_Sr »
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Offline TK

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #1 on: March 30, 2020, 12:35:07 am »
I started gathering information this week, and so far I found:

1) Heat and humidify the air
2) Filter bacteria and particles
3) Air needs to be pushed at a very controlled pressure (too much pressure and it can damage the lung)

So you need to control the flow, pressure, temperature

https://hackaday.com/2020/03/25/ventilators-101-what-they-do-and-how-they-work/
 
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Offline TK

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Offline koba30

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #3 on: March 30, 2020, 12:51:17 am »
Hi, check this page
https://e-vent.mit.edu/
 
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Offline profdc9

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #4 on: March 30, 2020, 01:44:24 am »
One question I might ask is what resources do you assume are available to those who might construct a ventilator?

I have been working on other issues and grappling with the fact that a lot of resources are currently unavailable.  For example, there is a shelter-in-place order where I live, so that many stores are closed.  A lot of stuff from Amazon is well on backorder if it's available at all.  Constructing such items in this environment will require resourcefulness.  I am not counseling despair here, but just trying to establish the boundaries of a feasible design at this time.

https://www.instructables.com/id/The-Pandemic-Ventilator/
https://e-vent.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/DMD-2010-MIT-E-Vent.pdf
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/pandemic-ventilator-coronvirus-hospitals-1.5493830
https://www.wmfe.org/uf-experts-collaborate-to-design-a-diy-ventilator-for-covid-19-crisis/150270

It is interesting to see what others have started with for their designs.   The instructables design uses valves while the MIT design uses cams to sequence the inhale/exhale.

 

Offline ChunkyPastaSauce

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #5 on: March 30, 2020, 02:32:21 am »
Huge number of existing CPAP machines in the US. Most of these can supply at least 20 to 25 cm h20  pressure, which is in the range needed to treat significant portion of covid patients. FDA recently cleared these for use for covid, even allowing for modifications from what I can tell. This allows for full ventilator units to be applied for to most critical.

I mention this because a ton of the cpap units appear to be tiered in functionality by flashable firmware, not physical limitation of the machines (they're the same).. the same machine with cpap therapy, can also provide bipap or higher functionality closer to a full ventilator with software changes. 

I think all it would take is for the manufacturers to release flash updates.

 
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Offline Scrts

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #6 on: March 30, 2020, 04:01:50 am »
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Offline poorchava

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #7 on: March 30, 2020, 08:22:20 am »
AFAIK ventilators (same as other medical equipment) are so expensive not because they are expensive to manufacture. It's to recoup the astronomical costs of safety and regulatory compliance testing.

Of course the price is also driven by the 'because we can' factor.

My dad has been working in radiotherapy field for ~30 years. I recall him telling some stories, about how Varian wanted >200€ for a replacement lightbulb for an accelerator, which they were forced to buy, because otherwise the xxx k€ machine would lose certification o.O.
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Offline Gandalf_SrTopic starter

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #8 on: March 30, 2020, 10:09:28 am »
Hi, check this page
https://e-vent.mit.edu/
Thanks, this is a great resource and goes straight to the heart of the matter; people are dying and what can we as engineers do to help?
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Offline calzap

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #9 on: March 30, 2020, 07:51:04 pm »
Read the link below to find out what happened when the US tried to establish a stockpile of low-cost ventilators a few years ago.  Disheartening.

Mike in California

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html
 

Offline DaJMasta

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #10 on: March 30, 2020, 08:00:51 pm »
How difficult can it be?

Not difficult to make something that can work, extremely difficult to make something that if it can't run for a week straight, guaranteed, that someone would die without constant monitoring.


While developing one as an exercise is not a bad thing to do, I would strongly advise you against 'advertising' it for use even locally if you come up with a prototype or even what counts as a finished product.  To improve reliability of the system and reduce problems associated with bacterial contamination or other air supply contamination from conventional parts, I'd recommend designing something that automatically pumps an existing hand operated ventilator.  This sort of design work has already been happening at universities and elsewhere, but it takes the pump and plumbing largely out of the equation, and makes it so failures or contamination of those parts is effectively mitigated by using a tested-for-medical-use hand operated ventilator.


Any device developed for this should be used only as a last-ditch measure with explicit instructions for it to be monitored continuously and with a backup measure available.  A worn bearing, a small leak, or a bad line of code could cost the life of the person depending on it, so all other options should be exhausted before such a device was put to use.  It may very well get to that point, but it should not be described as a normal ventilator and should not be considered a reliable device even if in whatever testing can be done in the short term has been successful.
« Last Edit: March 30, 2020, 08:02:43 pm by DaJMasta »
 
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Offline nardev

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #11 on: March 30, 2020, 09:00:13 pm »
Looks like everyone is talking and rarely anyone is doing something seriously. Even those projects by some prestigious USA tech universities like MIT look like toys done by students.

However, i just noticed this one by some, looks like hacker space in turkey, probably supported by some more serious engineers:

Check this out: https://twitter.com/Selcuk/status/1244661929777532930
Looks like the team: https://twitter.com/Selcuk/status/1244663216313155587
I'm i'm not wrong the pictures from the process: https://twitter.com/Selcuk/status/1243539495401783320

Also the clip is here:




Also, one more interesting news: "Medtronic Shares Ventilation Design Specifications to Accelerate Efforts to Increase Global Ventilator Production @Medtronic"

https://blog.adafruit.com/2020/03/30/medtronic-shares-ventilation-design-specifications-to-accelerate-efforts-to-increase-global-ventilator-production-medtronic/comment-page-1/?unapproved=361593&moderation-hash=40d9525a3224a7229f27e7f0fee86451#comment-361593


« Last Edit: March 30, 2020, 10:06:50 pm by nardev »
 

Offline LaserSteve

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #12 on: March 31, 2020, 05:01:57 am »
University of Florida has a preliminary release out. .Now how do you create enough trained  respiratory techs to use it correctly?

Steve
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Offline profdc9

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #13 on: March 31, 2020, 05:11:12 am »
Well that's the big question.

The fact that the public is even involved in formulating solutions to the technical and medical response to the pandemic shows how desperate the situation is quickly becoming.  If there are a million COVID-19 patients in the USA that need ventilators, a lot of people will die.  No one knows who would have pulled through without a ventilator, or who will be killed by a bad improvised ventilator design.

The big question is: will things get desperate enough that lives will be risked on, what could likely be, often fatal, speculative treatments and devices? 

Doctors are completely unaccustomed to making these kinds of decisions and judgment calls.  They normally operate in an environment where they must adhere to a consensus standard of care supported by empirical medical evidence.  They must use equipment that has the proper regulatory approvals.  If they don't, they risk exposing themselves to liability and losing their license to practice medicine.

Now we are in a situation where there is simply going to be not enough resources for all of the patients that require respirators, which is a consensus standard of care of supportive therapy for Covid-19.  Furthermore, we don't even have sufficient personal protective equipment for the doctors so that they can treat patients safely. 

In this situation, the only feasible solution is to prevent infections by minimizing contact between individuals.  It is clear that if no more respirators become available, and PPE product is not significantly increased, the likelihood of one being able to obtain life saving care is quite slim once these resources are exhausted.

So what to do?  We can try to create improvised devices.   It probably won't be known if they are safe and effective until they are tried on patients, and the results will be the patient survives or not.  Is this type of experimentation acceptable under the circumstances?  What are the alternatives?

This is not a 40 minute episode of House where his completely crazy speculative treatment always works by the end of the commercial break.  Maybe we simply don't want to experiment on people who are dying, and it would be better to let them die.  But then who decides the circumstances under which this kind of crude experimentation is permitted? 

Even if a solution is found that works, if it requires resources that can not be scaled to apply the solution widely, then perhaps an experiment that risks the life of a patient is not worth performing because it will have little wider impact.  So if we can 3-d print a ventilator, but it requires so much 3-d printing that it takes days to make all the parts and a ton of model material, maybe this is not a feasible solution.  So to have an impact, the solution has to use materials and manufacturing methods that are widely available.

I don't know the answer to these questions.  But the answer is somewhere between: if we can't produce something that works perfectly and is completely risk-free, it is not worth doing; and: we just have to throw everything at the wall and see what sticks.  That is the situation and somehow there will have to be some kind of consensus about what risks are acceptable in a crisis stiuation like we find ourselves in.
 

Offline Enginerding

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #14 on: March 31, 2020, 05:21:16 am »
Would you gentleman like to join forces?  I have another thread going titled "Chapter 1...." in this same forum.

Your thread proceeds mine, but I have a ~20 years medical experience.  And I think that is part of what's missing here.

If you're willing to come over, I promise there will be fame, glory, land and titles.

https://www.eevblog.com/forum/projects/chapter-1-who-has-the-engineering-skills-to-build-a-open-source-ventilator/
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Offline odemiriz

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #15 on: March 31, 2020, 10:10:15 am »
Looks like everyone is talking and rarely anyone is doing something seriously. Even those projects by some prestigious USA tech universities like MIT look like toys done by students.

However, i just noticed this one by some, looks like hacker space in turkey, probably supported by some more serious engineers:

Check this out: https://twitter.com/Selcuk/status/1244661929777532930
Looks like the team: https://twitter.com/Selcuk/status/1244663216313155587
I'm i'm not wrong the pictures from the process: https://twitter.com/Selcuk/status/1243539495401783320

Also the clip is here:




Also, one more interesting news: "Medtronic Shares Ventilation Design Specifications to Accelerate Efforts to Increase Global Ventilator Production @Medtronic"

https://blog.adafruit.com/2020/03/30/medtronic-shares-ventilation-design-specifications-to-accelerate-efforts-to-increase-global-ventilator-production-medtronic/comment-page-1/?unapproved=361593&moderation-hash=40d9525a3224a7229f27e7f0fee86451#comment-361593

This one is a project of a medical company in Turkey, they worked on for 3 years AFAIK. They were already at prototype stage. Then arcelik ( manufacturer of fridge,TV and various home appliances) offered them help and engineers from military industry help too.

So this is not a hacker's project. And it serves just to boost public moral for now. They plan to have 250 units in May ready to use. I dont think it will be enough considering the trend of new infected cases in the country.
 

Offline nardev

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #16 on: March 31, 2020, 10:18:14 am »
Probably 250 in May is faster than any other manufacturer right now.  |O
 

Offline max_torque

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #17 on: March 31, 2020, 10:48:38 am »
Unfortunately, i feel people are not actually looking at the issue that matters, namely that of sourcing the necessary components and assembling / testing the ventilators!

We don't need a new design for a ventilator, we have lots of those already, and the ones already in existence are certified and proven to work.  No what we need is a way of sourcing the parts to build lots of the  existing designs quickly, and then a way of assembling those parts into working, tested units.

Part 1, getting the parts, is a "Buying" problem, not a design problem. Yes, if parts are not available, then substitution of an alternate part is necessary, and there would be some design work to do that, but mainly it's a question of getting an existing supply chain to ramp supply more parts in a much shorter time.  I simply don't believe anyone is better at doing this that the companies that already build ventilators!

Part 2, assembling and testing, is a "production" problem and yes, here, companies like Ford, GM or Formula 1  or aerospace specialists should be able to help, to put in place MANUAL assy lines using skilled assembly workers to hand build and TEST (!!), in a highly parallel fashion a lot of units in a short period.


So, imo, having a new design is really not actually fixing the "Problem" it's just creating a new one........   :scared:
 
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Offline Gandalf_SrTopic starter

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #18 on: March 31, 2020, 11:43:09 am »
Why is anyone even bothering with posts that say:
- it's too late
- they will sue your ass
- what doctor would place a patient on a prototype ventilator?

FFS, the whole point of this thread was that there are some great engineers here, I could design a PCB in a couple of days, others here could write code, and others could procure components and build one.

What else are we EEs all going to do, sit at home until we all die of Covid-19 or boredom?

I'm going to check out the Chapter 1 thread

[EDIT] OMG! That other thread is horrible! What I'm after is design ideas, not a committee with an org chart and monthly meetings with minutes.  So I'm staying here.
« Last Edit: March 31, 2020, 11:53:13 am by Gandalf_Sr »
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Offline nardev

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #19 on: March 31, 2020, 12:31:50 pm »
Well that's the big question.

The fact that the public is even involved in formulating solutions to the technical and medical response to the pandemic shows how desperate the situation is quickly becoming.  If there are a million COVID-19 patients in the USA that need ventilators, a lot of people will die.  No one knows who would have pulled through without a ventilator, or who will be killed by a bad improvised ventilator design.

The big question is: will things get desperate enough that lives will be risked on, what could likely be, often fatal, speculative treatments and devices? 

Doctors are completely unaccustomed to making these kinds of decisions and judgment calls.  They normally operate in an environment where they must adhere to a consensus standard of care supported by empirical medical evidence.  They must use equipment that has the proper regulatory approvals.  If they don't, they risk exposing themselves to liability and losing their license to practice medicine.

Now we are in a situation where there is simply going to be not enough resources for all of the patients that require respirators, which is a consensus standard of care of supportive therapy for Covid-19.  Furthermore, we don't even have sufficient personal protective equipment for the doctors so that they can treat patients safely. 

In this situation, the only feasible solution is to prevent infections by minimizing contact between individuals.  It is clear that if no more respirators become available, and PPE product is not significantly increased, the likelihood of one being able to obtain life saving care is quite slim once these resources are exhausted.

So what to do?  We can try to create improvised devices.   It probably won't be known if they are safe and effective until they are tried on patients, and the results will be the patient survives or not.  Is this type of experimentation acceptable under the circumstances?  What are the alternatives?

This is not a 40 minute episode of House where his completely crazy speculative treatment always works by the end of the commercial break.  Maybe we simply don't want to experiment on people who are dying, and it would be better to let them die.  But then who decides the circumstances under which this kind of crude experimentation is permitted? 

Even if a solution is found that works, if it requires resources that can not be scaled to apply the solution widely, then perhaps an experiment that risks the life of a patient is not worth performing because it will have little wider impact.  So if we can 3-d print a ventilator, but it requires so much 3-d printing that it takes days to make all the parts and a ton of model material, maybe this is not a feasible solution.  So to have an impact, the solution has to use materials and manufacturing methods that are widely available.

I don't know the answer to these questions.  But the answer is somewhere between: if we can't produce something that works perfectly and is completely risk-free, it is not worth doing; and: we just have to throw everything at the wall and see what sticks.  That is the situation and somehow there will have to be some kind of consensus about what risks are acceptable in a crisis stiuation like we find ourselves in.

I wouldn't like to be misunderstood nor do i want you to think that i'm just opposing your opinion because i like being hater.

However, i would like to point out few things that i thing are the problems which you don't see in this situation.

(p.s. i lived through the last war in Balkans for 3.5-4 years. I remember pretty well how things were functioning. In my place we had about 35-40k people in a very narrow place, between an Airport and a hill and that place was completely surrounded from all sides except for one road which was open for fire but was not blocked physically and could take you over the hill and to another part of the city. The hospital was in the basement of the building where i lived and i remember very clearly killed and wounded people and i also remember clearly in what conditions those doctors were doing their job as i was also a patient there at one point!)

1. I take the assumption that this is really "emergency state". I don't want to discuss if it is or not.

2. Lack of patience in American people is a huge problem

3. Lack of basic life skills like cooking, proper cleaning, filtering water etc. I have many friends that moved in USA and i visited some of them in past period, very common discussion was how an average American have no clue about basic life skills. (i'm talking an average! not all!)

4. Due to insane expenses in your medical care, the values of proper care for big masses is impossible.

5. As the doctors are perceived to be "rich and smart", living very comfortable and sometimes even luxurious life in USA, maybe some of them would not be as available for service as emergency situation expects people to be. We have seen such thing happening in my city, some of the doctors were leaving as soon as they got a chance.

6. As i said in 4. The expenses are problem but in this situation it will completely destroy financial situation of an average people. So far we know that it takes about 3 weeks to recover, in a lot of cases it required most of that time to have the patient hospitalize, having in mind that an average day in a hospital in USA is about 3-4k, + additional services that would definitely be required in this situation, some of infected could be charged maybe even 100k for the service, especially when you have situation that insurance can simply cancel your contract and let you pay 100% of your expenses.

7. In USA you have very long history of "investors" that later on dictate the prices of the products. Sometimes the investors are great thing but sometimes you just have very immoral people so you get this:

Drug Goes From $13.50 a Tablet to $750, Overnight: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/business/a-huge-overnight-increase-in-a-drugs-price-raises-protests.html

8. You have decades of scientific explorations and researches. Chasing references, papers to be published and chasing money for another research JUST FOR THE SAKE OF MONEY AND POPULARITY WITHOUT ANY REALLY CONCERNS ABOUT WHAT AND WHY THEY WORK ON . That immoral and unethical approach to life and work brought you to this situation. That is why they charge you 400USD in NYC for COVID19 test instead to do it for 40$. As there is nothing which makes the 6.5$ costing test with import taxes to cost 400$!

I stay behind the prices that i mentioned as i have insight in prices in this situation.

9. Using legal system in this situation to pressure your doctors maybe can make even more dead people as they would not maybe try some alternative help..

Remember, it if is emergency, there is no place for accusations and this is not engineering job, you can't evaluate and measure everything nor you can establish 100% correct procedures that would always be successful.


IMHO those are bigger problems for USA than wrong usage of ventilators.

I remember nurses staying up hole night next to a patient, pumping in an air, stopping blood, doing some of the many smaller surgeries as sometimes, after the shelling of my place, there were 30+ people in a small hospital and only two experienced surgeons that took more serious wounds and were only overlooking some of nurses helping some other patients with light wounds. That is really emergency state and when rules change.


Wish you all to stay healthy and to be safe.
« Last Edit: March 31, 2020, 12:56:55 pm by nardev »
 

Offline ali_asadzadeh

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #20 on: March 31, 2020, 12:52:47 pm »
If there is money,I can contribute to this! I have a design team, that can cover many things reading, part sourcing and buying from china, designing with ARM and FPGA, High speed PCB design,prototype and mass production in china! also the PC,web UI design and DSP if needed. ^-^
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Offline nardev

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #21 on: March 31, 2020, 04:10:37 pm »
Mercedes and other Formula 1 teams have some solution that can help. Without pumps and with 1000 devices or day manufacturing capabilities.

https://youtu.be/v34M0dIokLw
 

Offline nardev

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #22 on: March 31, 2020, 04:13:07 pm »
 

Online SiliconWizard

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #23 on: March 31, 2020, 04:28:56 pm »
If there is money,I can contribute to this!

 ;D
 

Offline profdc9

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Re: Medical Ventilator Design
« Reply #24 on: March 31, 2020, 05:46:04 pm »
I wouldn't like to be misunderstood nor do i want you to think that i'm just opposing your opinion because i like being hater.

However, i would like to point out few things that i thing are the problems which you don't see in this situation.

(p.s. i lived through the last war in Balkans for 3.5-4 years. I remember pretty well how things were functioning. In my place we had about 35-40k people in a very narrow place, between an Airport and a hill and that place was completely surrounded from all sides except for one road which was open for fire but was not blocked physically and could take you over the hill and to another part of the city. The hospital was in the basement of the building where i lived and i remember very clearly killed and wounded people and i also remember clearly in what conditions those doctors were doing their job as i was also a patient there at one point!)

1. I take the assumption that this is really "emergency state". I don't want to discuss if it is or not.

2. Lack of patience in American people is a huge problem

3. Lack of basic life skills like cooking, proper cleaning, filtering water etc. I have many friends that moved in USA and i visited some of them in past period, very common discussion was how an average American have no clue about basic life skills. (i'm talking an average! not all!)

4. Due to insane expenses in your medical care, the values of proper care for big masses is impossible.

5. As the doctors are perceived to be "rich and smart", living very comfortable and sometimes even luxurious life in USA, maybe some of them would not be as available for service as emergency situation expects people to be. We have seen such thing happening in my city, some of the doctors were leaving as soon as they got a chance.

6. As i said in 4. The expenses are problem but in this situation it will completely destroy financial situation of an average people. So far we know that it takes about 3 weeks to recover, in a lot of cases it required most of that time to have the patient hospitalize, having in mind that an average day in a hospital in USA is about 3-4k, + additional services that would definitely be required in this situation, some of infected could be charged maybe even 100k for the service, especially when you have situation that insurance can simply cancel your contract and let you pay 100% of your expenses.

7. In USA you have very long history of "investors" that later on dictate the prices of the products. Sometimes the investors are great thing but sometimes you just have very immoral people so you get this:

Drug Goes From $13.50 a Tablet to $750, Overnight: [url]https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/business/a-huge-overnight-increase-in-a-drugs-price-raises-protests.html[/url]

8. You have decades of scientific explorations and researches. Chasing references, papers to be published and chasing money for another research JUST FOR THE SAKE OF MONEY AND POPULARITY WITHOUT ANY REALLY CONCERNS ABOUT WHAT AND WHY THEY WORK ON . That immoral and unethical approach to life and work brought you to this situation. That is why they charge you 400USD in NYC for COVID19 test instead to do it for 40$. As there is nothing which makes the 6.5$ costing test with import taxes to cost 400$!

I stay behind the prices that i mentioned as i have insight in prices in this situation.

9. Using legal system in this situation to pressure your doctors maybe can make even more dead people as they would not maybe try some alternative help..

Remember, it if is emergency, there is no place for accusations and this is not engineering job, you can't evaluate and measure everything nor you can establish 100% correct procedures that would always be successful.


IMHO those are bigger problems for USA than wrong usage of ventilators.

I remember nurses staying up hole night next to a patient, pumping in an air, stopping blood, doing some of the many smaller surgeries as sometimes, after the shelling of my place, there were 30+ people in a small hospital and only two experienced surgeons that took more serious wounds and were only overlooking some of nurses helping some other patients with light wounds. That is really emergency state and when rules change.


Wish you all to stay healthy and to be safe.


You'll get no argument from me that the American health care system is rapacious and inefficient.

Even in a well-functioning, properly incentivized health care system, emergency preparedness can be a problem.  There was an attempt to create a reserve of ventilators, however, the company with the contract to produce the ventilators was bought by a major medical conglomerate which had no interest in providing a low cost, emergency device.  If you demonstrate that the function of a device can be performed at a lower cost, then that puts pressure on the prices of the entire market for ventilators.   As the market has significantly consolidated there is little competition left.

Anyways, we now are reaping the consequences, and the true tragedy is that it may be only tragedy that can galvanize any change to this situation.

 


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