Oh I see. You need to limit the input, rather than the output current. Normally it's the other way round, hence my confusion.
Does it matter whether the current sensing is on the positive or the negative side? If low side is fine, then a comparator could be used to turn off the transistor, connected to the load, via an inductor and diode (like a buck converter) when the supply current exceeds a certain level and switch it back on again, after a certain time has elapsed.