But not so optimal
I was thinking of mentioning that things like the "picture" based formatting have to be pretty expensive at runtime. Something like ForTran can do a lot of the format processing at compile time because the feature is part of the language, but library-based functions as required by C are a lot harder to do. The current printf() seems like it's a pretty reasonable compromise (although, I think printf() can be a lot "heavier" than some of the simple versions would lead you to believe. I think I've seen printf implementations that end up calling malloc(), and running through the formatting twice for one reason or another.)