Well, absolutely no one cares about relationships between components -- say for purposes of PCB fabrication, assembly or inspection. The only thing that matters, is much less specific: reserve space (courtyard) between components to permit access for rework/repair purposes. So, enough space to see the component and its solder joints (optical inspection), access it with tools (soldering iron, twezers, hot air, etc.), and that's about it.
As for starting a PCB, just group up parts centroids, shove things around until they're roughly in schematic order (assuming the schematic itself is drawn in flow order -- which, for beginners, isn't something that can be taken for granted -- don't neglect your schematic layout, readability is king!!), then shove some more to get a useful, compact placement, taking account of shapes and sizes, any clearance constraints (e.g. leave a little space between SMTs for tweezers access, make room for heatsinks -- preferably make heatsinks a physical component so they appear with 3D model, if your PCB design is using 3D info), expected space for routing, and mechanical outline (screws/holes can also be components, may even be necessary if making ground connections), etc.
This is easiest when ratsnest and group vectors are shown; most EDA tools show these so it's easy to do. If not, you'll have to keep track of pins/pads/nets and line them up carefully.
An LM317, basically takes two capacitors, two resistors, and maybe a diode; I'm not sure how much you're expecting anyway -- there's only so many ways you can permute those. Including if the TO-220 is standing up or laying down, heh. Or other packages (hmm, since without a suffix, that's ambiguous too). Still, like a few thousand ways, if you wanted to enumerate them all. And it's easier to place components, than to enumerate combinations and select from a list, so you'd never bother to do that, at least practically speaking. So there you go.
BTW, note that the capacitors can be shared with other nearby capacitors, that's generally true of any bypass cap. So those aren't necessarily even something that needs consideration.
Tim