Some translations, Dave did a good job already with these, but maybe I can fill in some blanks.
Ordered by assembly group number (which is not unique for some reason).
1, 6V Gleichrichter -> "6V rectifier"
2, Eingang 75 Ohm -> "Input 75 Ohms"
3, Vorteiler -> "pre divider"
4, Nachteiler -> "post divider"
4, Vorverstärker -> "preamplifier"
5, 25MHz Tiefpass Entzerrer -> "25MHz low-pass equalizer"
6, Umsetzer HF/40MHz -> "converter/mixer HF/40MHz"
7, 40MHz Quarzbandpass -> "40 MHz crystal band pass filter"
8, Umsetzer 40MHz/10kHz -> "converter/mixer 40MHz/10kHz"
10, Eichmischer -> "calibration mixer"
11, Trennstufe" -> "isolation amplifier"
12, 10Mhz Übertrager -> "10 MHz coupler"
12, 40,01MHz VCO -> "40.01 MHz VCO"
12, 40,01MHz PLL -> "40.01 MHz PLL"
12, Vervielfacher -> "Multiplier"
13, Breitbanddetektor -> "wideband detector"
15, ZF-Verstärker -> "IF Amplifier"
16, Gleichrichter -> "Rectifier" or "Detector"
17, Demodulator -> "Demodulator"
26, 10 MHz Eing. u. Mitlaufs. -> "10 MHz input and tracking transmitter"
25, 10kHz Bandpass/25Hz -> "10kHz band pass / 25Hz bandwidth"
27, Phasenjitterschaltung -> "phase jitter circuit"
51, Rastphasenmesser -> "locking phase discriminator"
52, Rastoszillator -> "locking oscillator"
55, TTL-Stufe -> "TTL stage", "TTL converter"
56, Trägerphasenmesser -> "carrier phase discriminator"
57, Trägeroszillator -> "carrier oscillator"
60, Interpol. Phasem -> "interpolation phase discriminator"
63, Normalfrequenzteiler -> "reference frequency divider"
63, 10 MHz Trennstufe -> "10 MHz isolation amplifier"
64, 10 MHz-Oszillator -> "10 MHz oscillator"
65, Normalfrequenzoszillator -> "reference frequency oscillator"