Yes, the carbide probe tips are dental burs (not burrs). The ones used are Jet brand, specifically hand piece style (HP). They have a 1.6mm shank, although burs also come in 2.35mm types: FG (friction grip) and RA (right angle, also known as contra-angle). There are many other suppliers out there, and any HP style would work for this application. You can also get longer ones ("surgical" is the longest), and a pack of 5 is typically in the $10 range.
However, they are quite brittle. I wouldn't bash or drop them against any hard surface, otherwise they'll snap real easy. (I use the Jets for CNC work, and they're pretty good. The naming convention and ISO numbering take a bit of working out though!)
Interesting factoid: these are "slow speed" burs intended to run at 50,000rpm. High speed burs go up to 500,000rpm.
On the patent issue, it's actually very well written. The comedic terminology is just patentese (a dialect of legalese). Plain English is too easy to "misconstrue", so patents use their own language with specific meaning in court.
A "person skilled in the art" is someone deemed competent in the field (and familiar with the "state of the art"), but also assumed to be "unimaginative". The standard test for obviousness is whether a PSITA would have had the same invention if presented with the same problem.
The variation on the "preferred embodiment" bit is also standard in most patents.
Don't know if this patent is from China, but the Chinese government have set targets for patents over the last few years, so companies are keen to file for anything they can to meet their quota. If you'd seen the patent for fidget spinners before the craze kicked off you'd probably have thought that a daft idea as well... (There was one - but the American lady who filed it couldn't afford to maintain it, so it expired and she got nothing.) If you're not the one paying for it, it's best to file for everything you can, because you never know how things will pan out.