Surely the maximum data transfer rate is equal or less to USB 2.0 specs. I dont see how a modern computer cannot keep up with that.
It needs a sustained transfer rate, USB was not designed for this, especially in bulk transfer mode (it's designed for things like mass storage devices, which can wait). Some computer chipsets are better at this than others.
I am also puzzled by the architecture. Is the device sampling at the frequency and duration specified in the software and streaming to the PC?
The hardware just transfers bytes (8-bit = 8-channel wide) at the specified rate to the PC. The PC does all work like triggering and decoding.
Is there any buffering taking place?
Very little, which is why USB transfer rate can be an issue. I personally didn't have any problems achieving the full 24MS/s on two computers.
Can you create triggers on specific data packets?
I believe advanced triggering is still work in progress. The current software supports basically a one-stage edge/pattern trigger. You can download the software and run it in demo mode without the hardware to try it.
Would I be asking for too much if I asked for a couple of pictures of the internal circuit, please?
The Sigrok website has some. Not much to see, just an MCU with USB interface in DMA mode. Most of the complexity is in the software, so clones (which supply their own hardware but use the original software) are a significant issue.