If the board which you want to power supports power for USB, why not. I don't see any obstacles for that.
But be careful if your device has it's own power, in such case it may lead to issues.
Ohh... don't afraid, you can connect this board with no doubt.
As I remember, I tried to connect external power to almost any pins of this board
But the best result with direct solder to connectors pins, in this case there is min voltage drop.
Be careful with short circuit, these boards have cheap LDO which can burn out if you make short circuit.
I suggest to replace its LDO with genuine one from ST or other brand with internal protection from short circuit.
I soldered thick wires with mains socket directly to USB connector and using to connect to my lab PSU. Mains socket ideally fits with it's terminal. In that way I can power high power USB devices with USB connector from my lab PSU