How to test dead components on a board?

[Mechatrommer]

Can anyone teach a proper way of testing a working or broken components without separating it from its board?

a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Inductor
d) Diode
e) Transistor
f) FET/MOSFET?
g) chips

And Dave, can u make a video on many types of diode and/or transistor and/or FET/MOSFET. Diode alone have many types (Scmith, Schotky, i dont know the names and differences), all i know diode is a one way ticket for the current to flow.

[dds]

Oscilloscope, Huntron tracker, (component tester) while DUT is turned off.

[dds]

ESR meter for elco capacitors.

[djsb]

Hi,
Circuits should be checked using a top down approach wherever possible working from the front panel of a unit and finally down to component level. This helps to isolate a fault to a specific subsystem.
1/ Visual check for burnt components,leaking capacitors,loose components,shorted tracks etc.
2/ Voltage checks using Schematic or service manual if available.
3/ Signals can be injected and traced to narrow down a fault.
4/ When the specific suspect area is isolated then individual component checks can be done.
5/ Most checks can be done with a multimeter using the ohm meter,continuity tester and diode test feature.

a/ Resistor-Check for correct value, open or short circuit
b/ Capacitor-Check if the capacitor charges using the ohm meter.
c/ Inductor-Check for open circuit.
d/ Diode-use diode check for correct forward voltage drop (0.7 for Silicon or 0.3 for Germanium etc) and infinite reverse resistance.
e/ Transistor-Use diode check to test individual PN junctions.
f/  FET/Mosfet-Check drain source resistance.
g/ Chips-Check voltage at power pins and refer to schematic/data sheet for other voltages.

That's the fault finding method I use anyway.
Practice and persistence also helps.
HTH

David.

[Kiriakos-GR]

I believe that all the "Ideas" , that David added so far , are all that you will ever need.

But as Mediterranean technician , I would add and the most famous one .. the hammer 

If everything else fails , its your only option  !!