The only way to damage a USB port is to inject voltages above 5V or below ground.
As for overloading, each USB port (should) have overcurrent protection, so no problem there.
It shouldn't be too hard to check that the signals are wired correctly before plugging the board?
The only risk with many USB port implementations is the ferrite beads that is often used in the
ground wire. Excessive ground current and this baby can get fried. But that is only possible
with desktop PCs, which have the system ground connected to mains earth. (Unless there are
devices connected to other ports which complete the loop, then a laptop might suffer too.)